Radio navigation system



C. M. PERKINS, SR

RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEM Feb. 12, 1952 2 SHEETS- SHEET 1 Filed Oct. 23, 1947 Feb- ,12, 1952 c. M. PERKINS, sR

RADIONAVIGATION SYSTEM 2 SI-IEETS-Sl-IEET 2 Filed Oct. 23. 1947 www-DOO Z Arum mmm-DOD Z Thum INVENTOR. CORLES MELVIN PERKINS, SR.

Patented Feb. 12, 1952 ril-'ice 7 oiatis; (o1. skisilrin' A Y lV This invention relatesv to radio lnavigation systems and more particularly toA systems of such character whereby a'moving craft, such as a Water or air craft, for example; Will follow a horning course on a radio transmitter.

Systems of this general character are adopted for automatically steering a craft along apreselected course or ground'track toward a radio transmitter located at a desired destinationby utilization of error signals resulting from craft ldeviations fromY the prie-selected course; i. ei, signals developed as a result of thedifference between the initial radio bearing and the new radio bearing caused by displacement of the craft from the pre-selected course by side winds, for example.

While various expedients have been heretofore utilized in the prior art for pre-selecting a de,-H

sired course or ground Vtrack in systems'of the above character, the present invention contemplates the provision of a novel and improved eX- pedient in the form of a ground track controllerunit which receives both a'magnetic compass and` a radio compass signal, both signals being separately available as such for other uses where desired, and includes a pre-setting featureA by virtue of which a desired pre-selected4 course Aor ground track references may be manually vestablished.

An object of the present invention,'therefore, is to provide a'novel navigation systemioperativeA With any desired radio broadcastingv station for' automatically directing and/or maintaining av craft upon any arbitrarily selected course or ground track.

Another object of the invention is to provide novel ground track control apparatus in which signals developed by a magnetic compass and a` radio compass are compared with a manually pre-selected reference to provide a resultant lcon-` trol signal representing in phase and magnitude sponse to received magnetic `and radio compass; signals compared with an arbitrarily chosen fixed course reference, directs andi/r maintains the craft upon the course or ground track den'edlby the chosen reference, I

Another object is to provider in an autoratic steering system Vfor mobilecraftja novel ground track controller unit Whe'reinyby the selection of a desired `ixed reference, representing a desired ground track, radio and magnetic compassfsigl"y n'als, developed -ata relatively remote 'pointfare modified in the unit by thereferer'ice to provide a* resultant control signal, representingin polar;V ity'and 'magnitudethe direction and amount of angular. deviaiionmbynillg C? lfbi ll rference, which isgmmunisaiedig the Sie@ lge@ systemtomrnaintain the craft on the desired ground tre9k,. i 5 The foregoing and other objects; adva tages of.. the, mentioninterrogar nel? hereinafter. from a considerati@ .gf the detailed descripiignwhicl Itistofbeexprfs'sly anderst drvaa'vingsf are 'for' illust'r'aftlve, fp are not to'b'co theminveiftion; I A N Iritnef drawings; Fi rangement of or'ieforniori e' bydy'in'gthe prsennvtnn tin "with 'ad'autmatic piiot'ford cntroiiirfgcraft' flight; y

Figure" 2 is a' diagram depicting tn'e'jpathnra" moving craftj'wni'cu, Aby"ineens'ofthpresent vention', is automatically fdirectedfrom'itsifrtial course`V to ya new" pre-selected" course" orj ground trackand:maintained"therewtoward a',"de`sired1 destination; and:` Y

Figure Bisa diagrainsimilarto that ofIl"ig111're{24 in which the craft jretrn'path lis':illustrated when side-winds--have 'displaced the craft fromfthe dei sired ground' track.

For a; better understanding4 of the Yprinciples underlying the-v present invention; referenceis" made to the diagram of Figure 2"ofthe"dra'wings wherein isfillustrated the"`path' of ight ofaf'movingv craft, resulting-from the use of the novel ape. paratus hereof, from anV initalcourseto'a'preselected 'course or ground track. Itmaybe as# sumed that thecraft isl at some position Axhaving` a 'magnetic' heading of e degrees and a bearing; of o degrees relative vto afbroadcasting-station B located at a desireddestinatonandthat it is der. sired to fly to the station onia pre-selected course or ground trackhaving a magneti-cbearingv of i degrees. Thev angle? of deviation required to di'- rect the craft from' its'initial position A to the pre-selected course,`^"therefore;` will be the al'gebraio diierence between"the`magneticbearingfof 'the 'craft relative totheradib` station andthe" magnetic bearingiof the pre-selectedcQursei This" relation'mayibe' statedV in" theform of the follow'- ing equation: a"='(9' a-:the angle of'devatio'rr of" he" vraftfomthe" 35 pre-selectedcour i l 9`=themagnetic ,headih g of he craftj the Craft rail'iillas, bear' t, ,S4-the magnetici bearing' o'fr tlle'l pre-s'elec'ttedVJ course or ground'trak'f' Referring now to Figure 1 of the drawings, the novel apparatus of the present invention for directing the craft to a pre-selected course or ground track and for maintaining it thereon comprises a, radio direction finder or compass I including a non-directional antenna il, a directional antenna I2 and a radio receiver i3 which, in a Known manner, develops at its output a signal representing the radio compass bearing relative to a source of radio waves emanating from a desired station. With the loop of directional antenna l2 maintained at its null position, i. e., at i'ignt angles to the direction of propagation of the received radio waves, the signal at the output of receiver I3 drops to Zero. rl'he zero position or antenna l2 is established by setting the loop thereof at right angles with the ore and aft axis of the craft. When the crafts heading does not deviate from a prescribed course leading to the desired source of radiant energy, the null position oi the loop of antenna IZ coincides with its zero position.

Deviation or displacement of the crafts heading from the prescribed course produces relative displacement between the position of the loop of antenna l2 and the radio transmitter developing a displacement signal at the output of receiver |3. '.L'he directional antenna is mounted for angular displacement by a freely rotatable shaft i4 carrying a gear I5 thereon which meshes with a pinion l'u secured to the shaft of a'reversible motor Assuming a switch I8 to be closed, motor i1' is energized from a battery I9 by means of a polarized relay 2U in response to the ou-tput signal oi' receiver I3 to anguiarly displace antenna l2 to a new null position relative to the radio transmitter whereupon the receiver output signal drops to zero to cle-energize the motor.

In addition lto displacing directional antenna i2, motor |1 also angularly displaces a rotor winding 2|, energized from a suitable source of current, relative to an inductively coupled three phase wound stator 22 to develop in the latter a signal proportional to the radio compass bearing from the craft t0 the station as determined by the amount of angular deviation of antenna i2 from its zero position, i. e., relative to the craft fore and aft axis. l

As more fully described in copending application Serial No. 516,488 filed December 31, 1943, a signal proportional to the craft magnetic heading is derived from a gyro-stabilized ear-th inductor compass 23. The signal developed by the compass is impressed by way of suitable leads to a three phase wound stator 24 of an inductive coupling device 25, located within a master direction indicator 26, to induce within an inductively coupled rotor winding 21 thereof, mounted for angular displacement relative to its stator by way of a shaft 28, a signal proportional to the craft change of magnetic heading. The signal induced within rotor Winding 21 is applied by means of a lead 29 to the input of an amplifier 30, the output of which is impressed by means of a lead 3| upon the variable phase of a two phase motor 32, whose fixed phase is energized from a suitable source of alternating current, to cause rotation of the motor in a direction to drive rotor winding 21 to a null position relative to its stator, by way of a speed reduction gear system 33, and to also angularly displace a rotor winding 34 of a signal transmitter 35, carried by shaft 2B, from its null position relative to an inductively coupled three phase stator 3S to induce in the latter a signal resulting from the angular change of craft heading.

The novel ground track controller unit of the present invention which receives both the radio compass signal and the magnetic compass signal is generally designated with the reference character 31 in Figure 1. Such unit consists of an inductive course setting device 38 comprising a fixed three phase wound stator 39 connected by way of leads 40 to stator 22 to receive the radio compass signal developed in the latter and an angularly displaceable and inductively coupled three phase wound rotor 4| which is settable relative to its stator by virtue of a shaft 42 having a knob 43 secured thereto exterior of unit 31, the knob being provided with a fixed index 44 and being settable relative to a fixed card 45 which may be calibrated from 0 to 360 as a compass card. By manipulating knob 43 relative to card 45 any desired pre-selected course or ground track to be followed by the craft to a desired radio station may be inserted manually into unit 31.

Unit 31, moreover, includes an inductive receiver device 4B comprising a three phase wound stator 41 connected to stator 36 of signal transv mitter 35 by way of leads 48 to receive the magnetic compass signal developed in the latter stator 4 and an inductively coupled single phase wound rotor 49. The magnetic compass signal developed at signal transmitter 35 is induced within rotor winding 49, which is carried by an angularly displaceable shaft 50, and fed therefrom to the input of an amplifier 5|, the output of Which is impressed on the variable phase of a two phase motor 52, the fixed phase of which is energized from a suitable source of current as is well known with torque amplier devices of this character. In response to a magnetic compass signal appearing in rotor 49 of receiver 46, therefore, motor 52 is energized to drive rotor 49 to a null position relative to stator 41 wherein the signal drops to zero and motor 52 is de-energized.

In driving rotor winding 49 to a null, motor 52 also angularly displaces a further rotor winding 53, carried by shaft 58, relative to its inductively coupled three phase wound stator 54 of a further inductive receiver device 55. The stator of the latter device is connected by way of leads 56 with three phase wound rotor 4| of course setting device 38.

Angular deviation of directional antenna I2, due to change in loop bearing relative to the transmitting station, causes displacement of rotor winding 2| relative to stator 22 to set up in the latter a flux Vector whose space position or phase with respect to rotor and stator windings 2| and 22 is a direct function of their related positions. A corresponding ux vector change occurs in stator 39 of the course setting device so that for any angular deviation of antenna |2 a corresponding deviation results in the space position or phase of the iiux vector in stator windings 39.

Course setting device 38 acts as a flux vector phase shifter so that in response to angular displacement of rotor winding 4| by way of knob 43 relative to stator windings 39 the space position of the lux vector produced by stator windings 39 is altered with respect to rotor 4| and communicated to stator windings 54 of inductive receiver 55, such change being a direct function of the angular displacement of rotor winding 4| relative to its stator 39. Displacement of rotor winding 4| of device 38 in a direction opposite to the assente@ fromzthes-crafttto thexstation and: the magneticA bearing of: thee. pre-selected course` or grou-nd 1.5;' track, i. e., p-).

. Displacement; of: rotor.'r winding;` 34C of.. signal tramsmitter135: relativezto:ritsiwoundzstatori 36, asfy aeresnlt'v of: craft'. changer: of heading; develops.1 asignai,1-.in.rotorr Winding; dit ofl receive-r 46; Whose magnitude and :phase isa measure ofi the lamounti andf` directionA of the craft? change:A or'. heading."v Motor:A 52.y is. energized'. inI response.. tof. the .latterI signal.: to drive: rotor; 49 eto. a.. null. relative. to its staturev 4:1 whereupon4 the'.v motor: made-energized, rotor; 53 being;likewise.displacedaby the motor.V relative to its wound stator 54. Rutorriiis-ldise placed; angularlyimthers ame :directiontasf tlie4 di reetionzz of. deviation-of thef space position .of the uxavector intwound stator; resultingrozn dis;- placement of antenna:- I 2,' and in anfamountequal. toathe craftzmagnetiheading (9) so thatxthere.'` isfinducediin rotor4 winding153 asignal :representing, at all times, in phase and magnitude, .thesdi`r rection and amount oft the.angular deviation of the; aircraft from the pre-selected. course or. ground track.

For.- calibration purposesA the;A zero:- position. of* coursezsetting device'38 maybe initially achievedA ornthe ground priorto; craft fright; To. this fend, thecraftisimaneuveredto .bringits heading, i.. e., its `.foreand aft axis, parallel with magnetictnorth; Asa result, rotor winding 53 of. unit 3lis1displaceibyf motor 52fto;assume a Ydenite"angularv relation with. respectto itsrelated woundzstatcr 54. Antenna. I2 is angularly: displaced, `theres after tobringitsloop. to a position at right angles to thefforeand atzaxis of :the craft.4 Innsov posi@- tioningiantenna l 2; rotorfI winding `2 l is .angularly displaced .tl:1'erewith.toz.l assume a deniteposition 50 relative to: its wound Astatorf22 .wherebyl aide'nitec signal .resulting finca .fiuxwector having .a1-.spacetposition v oriiphase :dependent .on the. signal ais Yde. velop'ed. at v:the statore and repeated .at ;wound'-sta.- tor .39,-of course settingdevice. A.proportienal..r 55 signal is.; induced. .in rotor: Windingfd I.. whiclrtisg` impressedfon Wound stator .54 to indncerazicorre spondingsignal in rotorwindings. 53,- the signal: at the latter stator resolvingi intdafluic vector: having. the".same-space.` position orfphase as the G0 fluxi vector appearing. at'. wound il rotors a 22 and: 392y Thereupon', woundl rotor 4=\of.i.th'e.y course: setting".devicefisffangularly displaced:.relativelztcc woundstatorl'sby way of knob.: 431untiltheafi'ux: vector present inmoundfstatorjd isdisplacedan 65 gularlyin.' al directiomopp'osite 1tothe originaldie rectionofimovement.of:.the luxvector until the@ uxzvectorzazttains .-a'iposition normal .to; ztheeelece trica-l axis .of woundirotor-:53 at whichrtiniel the signal ati-theflatterwrotcr,` drops. to; zero:` This: is.. 70'.

thefxzero:).postlomtforz the@ course setting device; i.ez;.a:pos`ition infwhicli-:indexfil ofknob'coine cides withftthef zeroigraduati'orr.onecard145r Theesignal .appearing-atwoundfrotorf53 :may-ribes utilized;to:Y operatetaacrattarudder .51- throughz1sa- 75 ccnventionalf automatic. piloti@ system: to. bring: ai craft embodying the novelarrangementihereofz toaatpre-select'edcourse or ground;track;` However,v since such anV error.' signal. is?. proportionalf f td: the? angular.l deviationb. the craft from: ai

preselected coursef iti-Lhasf the'f known. disadvantages-a surrounding controlszutilizingi such' al disieplacementisignalf.. For example;whenitheisignar. i'sioffsu'clt a character nas?A toi provider the-desired? craft@controlI some? distance awayffrom theista tion, its. will provide-f. over-1'controlasithwradio stationnis^` approached: To".eliminatesthiszlatterfdisadvantage;theerrorlf signal.. appearing atarotor. winding: 53V of.' uniti-31. isffed :into: a .localizerznightpa'th` computer* 58;.0152 the character: ixc1o'1fe;.f1111yL shown anal deff scribed in copending application Serialifllo;V 705,524; .lerli Gctoberf 25; 1946; by way.; of.- leads its:V and :anaamplifierv andrectier unit 60 `soi-theta the error:rv signal. ultimately.y fediV into the; com-f puter. uniti isla direct' currentl` signalsirnilarl` tof. the:A Dif.. C: signal` appearing'.` at,v the` crossepoin'terlv ine-terA ofthe last =mentionedapplication; Aslmore fullyl described in the latter application,thei

. signal output1of "unit58-wil1'be proportionallroti to theL amg-leVY of F displacement of the craft froml thee pre+selcted course-but rather to they length orfy tirne-that thecraft remains` from the pre1 selected coursef' The outputofcornputer unit 581, mixed With'tlef compass*displacementlsignal developedbya signal transmitter- 63; is vfedbyf-way o a lea'd'l to 'the' rudder: channel, and'wheredesiredto"th'eaileronV channel as well, ofi'aVA servo amplifier 62,` of an" automatic' pilot4 system' of the' character more fully described* in' aforementionedI copendingapplication Serial No. 516,488, to be-mixedlwitlia rate of 'turn' signal. developed by a'signalipick-oi 64' andi a follow-up signal developed byan in'- ductive devicefii,v .the output Ofamplier- 62ienergizingadriving. motor 662y for operatingtlie rudder.

Since craft. headings may not necessarily be. parallel :to .the pre-selectedcourseor ground track whenl avcraft, embodying thenovel arrangement of the present invention, has been brought to; the: desiredV ground trackf developingA somel instability. in the control system. anautomatic orientatorv unit, generallyy designated. withv thereferencecharacter 61,- may be utilized which willi engagethemagnetic compass-intothe flight corn-ft puter unit only whenthecraft-has attained an`v inbound heading; relative to ran articial-direc' tion; .beam reference setup by course settings dee- 'vice-38; For. a more detailed showing and-de scription'of the operation of orientatoriunitf/B'lf referenceris madezto copending .application Serial- No. 774,956, led September 19,1947.

Coming.. now.V to thevl operation' of the novel arrangement of thepresent invention itimaysbe assumed that a craft,l ,provided with =the system',y hereof, is'at some position lA.` (Figure 2) having afmagneticv heading of e degrees and a radio bearing of psdegreesto a radio transmitterhBn locatedrat 11a desired dandingjield andi-that it isf: desired toA fly toward:fthevtransmitter` alongf. a prei-selectedv course: or ground` track'having; ai magnetiefbearing ,offdegreesl- The pilot closes switch I3.v of .radiofcompass f ordirectiontnderl course or ground track to-be followed into ground :i track controller.T unit yll-loyf operation of knob 43. through.y arri4 angle yof; afdegrees.. and alsom'enqn gages; orientatom 6L' and localizerfy flightl pathA meto-energizetheflatter and linsertsthe desired Y computer. 58 with the, automatic pilot controlling position vof rudder 51.

Energization of radio direction finder I0 causes orientation of directional antenna l2 relative to transmitter B so that its loop is always positioned at right angles to the transmitter causing signalV transmitter 2|-22 to produce a signal representing, at all times, in phase and amount, the radio compass bearing from the craft to the station. The signal developed by orientation of antenna I2V is inserted into course setting device 38 which, having been set for a course or ground track of degrees, modifies the directional antenna signal by subtracting from the latter an amount representing in phase and amount, the direction andY amount of magnetic bearing'. l Y

' Compass 23 creates a Vsignal representing in phase and amount, the direction and amount of deviationof craft magnetic heading and, in reproducing such signal in wound rotor 9 of receiver 46 located in unit3'l, motor 52 is energized to displace rotor Winding 53 relative to its wound stator 54. As a result thereof the craft magnetic heading is added to inductive device 55 in whose stator 54 appears the signal due to orientation o f antenna l2 as modified by the angle ,6. The resultant or error signal, therefore, appearing at rotor winding 53 represents in phase and magnitude the direction and amount of angular deviation of the craft from the pre-selected course or ground track since it represents qb-i-Q-where p is transmitted from the radio compass, is subtracted therefrom by differential device 38,

and e is added mechanically by displacement of s track in the manner more fully described in aforementioned pending applications Serial No. 705,524 and Serial No. 774,956.

Having once attained the desired course as dened by manual operation of course setting device 38, the craft will be substantially maintained on the pre-selected course even though side winds may cause a temporary deviation therefrom. If, for example, the craft has attained a position C, Figure 3, on the desired course, having the aforementioned magnetic bearing of degrees, and is forced from the course by side Winds to some position D in which the magnetic heading of the craft has also been changed, ground track controller unit 31 will develop an error signal in rotor winding 53 representing, at all times, with respect to the radio transmitter, in phase and amount, the direction and amount of angular deviation of the craft from the pre-selected course or ground track, In response to such error signal, localizer unit 58 energizes the automatic pilot to return the craft toward the pre. If the heading of the craft on its approach to the pre-selected course has suchV selected course.

until the craft on its approach to the Vcourse aci-- quires a heading having a direction sucient to compensate for the disturbing windv forces. displacement of craft heading relative to the desired course brings into being a counteracting compass signal Within computer 58 which balances or washes out an equal and opposite error signal developed at the ground track controller unit output so that no further turn signal is inserted into the automatic pilot causing the craft to fly more or less sidewise or to crab"V along a course toward the radio transmitter which will be displaced slightly from the pre.

selected course by an amount measuredby the' error signal balancedror Washedout by the flight crab angle.

It will now be apparent to those skilled in the art that a novel radio navigationsystem has been provided by the present invention where. in`

nying to a radio broadcast station, an arbitrary radio beam reference is established representing a desired course or ground track to be followed to.` the station against which radio compass and magnetic compass signals are compared to develop a displacement or Verror signal from the reference for bringing the craft to the desired course reference.

Although but one embodiment of ,the invention has been illustrated and described, various changes andmodications in the form and rela-Y tive arrangement of the parts, which will now appear to those skilled in the art, may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

1. In a radio navigation system for mobile craft for directing said craft along a .desired manually operable means connected to the other,

of said elements for displacing the latterrelative to the first element for modifying said signal, a second device comprising relatively movable stator and rotor elements, one of said last-named elements being connected to one of said firstnamed elements whereby said modified signal is repeated in said second device, and means responsive to said magnetic compass signal for displacing the other of said last-named elements to change said modied signal. I

2. In a radio navigation system for mobile craft for directing said craft along a desired ground track to a desired source of radio waves, said craft being provided With a radio compass and a magnetic compass for developing signals proportional to the displacement of said craft The' nected to said rotor for displacing the latter relative to said stator for modifying said signal, a second device located in said unit comprising relatively movable stator and rotor elements, means connecting said last-named stator with said first-named rotor for repeating said modified signal in said second device, and means responsive to said compass signal for displacing said last-named rotor relative to its stator to change said modified signal.

3. A ground track controller unit for automatically directing and maintaining a mobile craft provided with a radio compass thereon along a pre-selected ground track to a desired source of radio Waves, said compass including an inductive device in which a signal is developed proportional to the displacement of said craft relative to a pre-selected ground track to be followed by the craft, comprising a three phase wound stator xedly mounted in said unit and connectedto said inductive device for repeating the signal thereof when said craft is displaced relative to said source and an inductively coupled angularly displaceable three phase wound rotor, and manually operable means for displacing said rotor for establishing a desired ground track reference whereby said signal is modied in accordance therewith.

4. A ground track controller unit for automatically directing and maintaining a mobile craft provided with a radio compass and a magnetic compass thereon along a pre-selected ground track to a desired source of radio Waves, comprising a three phase wound stator xedly mounted in said unit and connected to said radio a compass for repeating the signal thereof when said craft is displaced relative to said source and an inductively coupled angularly displaceable three phase wound rotor, manually operable means for displacing said rotor for establishing ,1,

a desired ground track reference whereby said signal is modified in accordance therewith, a second three phase wound stator fiXedly mounted in said unit and connected with said rotor for repeating said modified signal, a single phase displaceable rotor inductively coupled with said lastnamed stator, and means comprising a reversible motor responsive to said magnetic compass signal connected to said single phase rotor for displacing the latter to change said modied signal.

5. A ground track controller unit for automatically steering a mobile craft provided with a radio compass and a magnetic compass thereon along a pre-selected ground track to a desired source of radio waves, comprising a first inductive device having relatively movable stator and rotor elements, one of said elements being connected to said radio compass for repeating the signal thereof in said device when said craft is displaced relative to said track, manually operable means for displacing the other of said elements to modify said signal, a second inductive device electrically connected to said first inductive device and having relatively movable stator and rotor elements for repeating in said second device said modified signal, a third inductive device connected with said magnetic compass for repeating the signal of the latter when said craft is displaced relative to said track and CII comprising relatively movable stator and rotor parts, a reversible motor connected to one of said parts for energization thereby to displace the latter part to eliminate said last-named signal, and means connecting said motor to one of said elements of said second device to displace the latter and thereby change said modified signal.

6. In a ground track controller unit of the character described a rst displaceable inductive device adapted for repeating a radio compass signal, manually operable means for displacing said device to modify said signal, a second displaceable inductive device electrically connected to said first device for repeating said modied signal, a third displaceable inductive device adapted for repeating a magnetic compass signal, a reversible motor electrically connected to said third device energized by said compass signal for displacing the third device to eliminate said compass signal, and means connecting said motor to said second device for displacing the latter to change said modified signal in said second device.

7. In a radio navigation system for mobile craft for directing said craft along a desired ground track to a desired source of radio waves,

said craft being provided with a radio compass and a magnetic compass for developing signals proportional to the displacement of said craft relative to a preselected ground track to be followed by said craft, course setter means for establishing an artificial beam reference corresponding to the desired ground track to be followed by said craft comprising a first device having relatively movable stator and rotor elements, means connecting one of said elements to said radio compass for reproducing the signal thereof, a second device comprising relatively movable stator and rotor elements, one of said last-named elements being connected to one of said first-named elements for receiving the signal of said rst device, means for developing a control signal corresponding to said magnetic compass signal motor means operable by said control signal and drivably connected for displacing one of the elements of said second device to modify the signal communicated to said second device, and manually operable means connected to displace an element of one of said devices for further modifying the signal appearing at said second device.

CORLES MELVIN PERKINS, Ss.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,958,259 Becker May 8, 1934 2,201,174' Harding May 21, 1940 2,288,102 Meredith June 30, 1942 2,384,004 Bechberger Sept. 4, 1945 2,419,970 Roe et al. May 6, 1947 2,423,337 Moseley July 1, 1947 2,437,251 Frische et al. Mar. 9, 1948 2,460,798 McCarthy Feb. 9, 1949 

